He maha ngā painga o te kowiri tira i roto i ngā momo mahi ahumahi, engari ka pā te tikanga miihini i whiriwhiria ki te kounga me te pono o ngā wāhanga i hangaia mai i tēnei konganuku maha ngā whakamahinga.
E arotakehia ana e tēnei tuhinga te take mō te whakamahinga o te maitai kore waikura i roto i ngā momo wāhanga me ngā huihuinga, ā, e titiro ana ki te tūranga o te whakairo whakaahua-matū hei hangarau tukatuka e taea ai te whakaputa i ngā hua whakamahinga mutunga auaha, tino tika hoki.
He aha i whiriwhiri ai i te kowiri tira? Ko te kowiri tira he kowiri tira ngawari, he 10% neke atu rānei te nui o te chromium (mā te taumaha). Mā te tāpiri o te chromium ka hoatu ki te kowiri tira ōna āhuatanga motuhake, ātete-waikura. Mā te nui o te chromium o te kowiri tira ka taea te hanga i tētahi kiriata chromium waikura pakari, piri, kāore e kitea, ātete-waikura ki te mata o te kowiri tira. Mena ka pakaru ā-pūkaha, ā-matū rānei, ka taea e te kiriata te whakatika i a ia anō, mena kei reira te hāora (ahakoa he iti noa te nui).
Ka whakarei ake i te ātete ki te waikura me ētahi atu āhuatanga whai hua o te maitai mā te whakanui ake i te nui o te chromium me te tāpiri i ētahi atu huānga pēnei i te molybdenum, te nickel me te hauota.
He maha ngā painga o te maitai kore waikura. Tuatahi, he ātete te rauemi ki te waikura, ā, ko te chromium te huānga whakarewa e hoatu ana tēnei kounga ki te maitai kore waikura. Ka ātete ngā taumata koranu-iti ki te waikura i roto i ngā taiao hau me te wai parakore; ka ātete ngā taumata koranu-teitei ki te waikura i roto i te nuinga o ngā otinga waikawa, kawakore, me ngā taiao kei roto he chlorine, ā, ka whai hua ō rātou āhuatanga i roto i ngā tipu tukatuka.
Ko ngā momo koranu konukōmiuma me te nikara motuhake he nui te konukōmiuma, ā, ka mau tonu te kaha i ngā pāmahana tiketike. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te kowiri tira i roto i ngā whakawhiti wera, ngā whakamahana nui, ngā poiha, ngā whakamahana wai whāngai, ngā takirere me ngā paipa matua, tae atu ki ngā tono rererangi me te rererangi.
He mea tino nui anō hoki te horoi. Nā te ngāwari o te horoi i te kowiri tira, kua waiho hei whiringa tuatahi mō ngā āhuatanga akuaku tino uaua pērā i ngā hōhipera, ngā kīhini me ngā whare tukatuka kai, ā, nā te ngāwari ki te tiaki i te kounga kanapa o te kowiri tira, ka puta he āhua hou, he ātaahua hoki.
Hei whakamutunga, ina whakaarohia te utu, te whakaaro ki ngā utu rauemi me te hanga me ngā utu huringa ora, ko te maitai kore waikura te kōwhiringa rauemi iti te utu, ā, ka taea te hangarua 100%, ka oti te huringa ora katoa.
Ka taea e ngā "rōpū whakairo" whakarewa moroiti kua whakairohia ki te whakaahua matū (tae atu ki te HP Etch me te Etchform) te whakairo i te tini o ngā konganuku me te tino tika kāore e taea te whakataurite i ngā wāhi katoa o te ao. Ko ngā pepa tukatuka me ngā pepa whakarewa he matotoru mai i te 0.003 ki te 2000 µm. Heoi, ko te maitai kore waikura tonu te whiringa tuatahi mō te nuinga o ngā kiritaki a te kamupene nā tōna ngāwari ki te whakamahi, te maha o ngā momo e wātea ana, te maha o ngā koranu e pā ana, ngā āhuatanga rauemi pai (e ai ki te whakaahuatanga i runga ake nei), me te maha o ngā whakaotinga. Koinei te konganuku e whiriwhiria ana mō ngā tono maha i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā ahumahi, e tohunga ana ki te miihini 1.4310: (AISI 301), 1.4404: (AISI 316L), 1.4301: (AISI 304) me ngā konganuku moroiti o ngā konganuku austenitic rongonui, ngā momo ferritic, ma Tensitic (1.4028 Mo/7C27Mo2) ngā maitai takirua rānei, Invar me te Alloy 42.
He maha ngā painga o te whakairo whakaahua-matū (te tango whiriwhiri i te konganuku mā te kopare ārai-whakaahua hei whakaputa i ngā wāhanga tino tika) i ngā tikanga hanga pepa whakarewa tuku iho. Ko te mea nui, ka whakaputahia ngā wāhanga e te whakairo whakaahua-matū me te whakakore i te pirau rauemi nā te mea kāore he wera, he kaha rānei e whakamahia ana i te wā tukatuka. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e te tukanga te whakaputa i ngā wāhanga tino uaua nā te tango i ngā āhuatanga wāhanga i te wā kotahi mā te whakamahi i te matū whakairo.
Ko ngā taputapu e whakamahia ana mō te whakairo he mea matihiko, he mea karāhe rānei, nō reira kāore he take ki te tīmata tapahi i ngā pokepokea maitai utu nui, uaua hoki ki te whakauru. Ko te tikanga o tēnei ka taea te tārua i te tini o ngā hua me te kore rawa e pakaru ngā taputapu, kia rite ai te wāhanga tuatahi me te wāhanga miriona i hangaia.
Ka taea hoki te whakarerekē me te whakarerekē i ngā taputapu matihiko me te karāhe i roto i te tere me te ōhanga (i roto i te haora te nuinga), ā, he mea tino pai mō te hanga tauira me ngā mahi whakaputa nui. Mā tēnei ka taea te arotau i te hoahoa "kore mōrearea" me te kore he mate pūtea. E kiia ana ko te wā hurihanga he 90% te tere ake i ngā wāhanga kua tāia, e hiahia ana hoki ki te haumi nui ki ngā taputapu i mua.
Ngā Mata, Ngā Tātari, Ngā Mata me ngā Piko Ka taea e te kamupene te whakairo i ngā momo waahanga maitai kore waikura tae atu ki ngā mata, ngā tātari, ngā mata, ngā puna papatahi me ngā puna piko.
E hiahiatia ana ngā tātari me ngā tatari i roto i te maha o ngā rāngai ahumahi, ā, he maha ngā wā ka hiahiatia e ngā kiritaki he tawhā uaua me te tino tika. Ka whakamahia te tukanga whakairo whakaahua-matū o te micrometal ki te hanga i te whānuitanga o ngā tātari me ngā mata mō te ahumahi petrochemical, te ahumahi kai, te ahumahi hauora me te ahumahi motuka (ka whakamahia ngā tātari whakaahua-whakairo i roto i ngā pūnaha werohanga wahie me ngā waipēhi nā te kaha kume teitei). Kua whakawhanakehia e te micrometal tana hangarau whakairo whakaahua-matū kia taea ai te whakahaere tika i te tukanga whakairo i roto i ngā āhua-toru. Mā tēnei ka āwhina i te waihanga i ngā āhuahanga uaua, ā, ina whakamahia ki te hanga i ngā whatunga me ngā tatari, ka taea te whakaiti i ngā wā arahi. Hei tāpiri, ka taea te whakauru i ngā āhuatanga motuhake me ngā momo āhua kōhao ki roto i te whatunga kotahi me te kore e piki ake te utu.
He rerekē te matatau o te whakairo whakaahua-matū i ngā tikanga mīhini tuku iho, ā, he nui ake te matatau o te whakairo whakaahua-matū ki te hanga i ngā tauira, ngā tātari me ngā tatari angiangi, tika hoki.
Mā te tango tahi i te konganuku i te wā e whakairohia ana ka taea te whakauru i ngā āhuahanga kōhao maha, me te kore e nui te utu taputapu, te utu miihini rānei, ā, kāore he whara, he ahotea hoki ngā mata whakairo-whakaahua, ā, ka memeha haere ngā rauemi, ina koa ko ngā pereti poka ka ngāwari ki te kore e huri.
Kāore te whakairo whakaahua-matū e whakarerekē i te āhua o te mata o te rauemi e tukatukahia ana, ā, kāore hoki e whakamahi i te pa o te konganuku ki te konganuku, i ngā pūtake wera rānei hei whakarerekē i ngā āhuatanga o te mata. Nō reira, ka taea e te tukanga te whakarato i tētahi āhua ahurei, he āhua teitei, ki runga i te kowiri tira, kia pai ai mō ngā mahi whakapaipai.
He maha hoki ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā wāhanga maitai kore waikura kua whakairohia ki te whakaahua matū i roto i ngā tono taiao tino haumaru, tino kino rānei – pērā i ngā pūnaha aukati ABS me ngā pūnaha weronga wahie – ā, ka taea te "piko" tino pai i te piko whakairo i ngā miriona wā nā te mea kāore te tukanga e whakarerekē i te kaha ngenge o te maitai. Ko ngā tikanga miihini rerekē pērā i te miihini me te ara he maha ngā wā ka waiho he iti ngā kohao me ngā paparanga hanga anō ka pā ki te mahi a te puna.
Mā te whakairo whakaahua-matū ka whakakorea ngā wāhi pakaru pea o te kakano rauemi, ka puta he piko kore-pū me te paparanga hanga anō, kia roa ai te ora o te hua me te teitei ake o te pono.
Whakarāpopototanga He maha ngā āhuatanga o te rino me te kowiri tira e pai ai mō ngā tono ahumahi maha. Ahakoa e kitea ana he rauemi ngāwari noa iho ki te tukatuka mā roto i ngā tikanga hanga pepa whakarewa tuku iho, ka tukuna e te whakairo whakaahua matū he painga nui ki ngā kaihanga i te wā e whakaputa ana i ngā wāhanga uaua me te haumaru.
Kāore e hiahiatia he taputapu pakeke mō te whakairo, ka taea te hanga tere mai i te tauira tuatahi ki te hanga nui, kāore he mutunga o te uaua o ngā wāhanga, ka hangaia ngā wāhanga kāore he kohao me te ahotea, kāore e pā ki te whakamahana me ngā āhuatanga o te konganuku, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā momo maitai katoa, ā, ka eke ki te tika o te ±0.025 mm, ko ngā wā arahi katoa kei roto i ngā rā, ehara i te marama.
Nā te maha o ngā whakamahinga o te tukanga whakairo whakaahua-matū, he mea whakamīharo tēnei mō te hanga wāhanga maitai kore waikura i roto i ngā tono uaua maha, ā, ka whakaoho i te auahatanga i te mea ka tangohia ngā arai o ngā tikanga hanga pepa whakarewa tuku iho mō ngā kaihanga hoahoa.
He matū he āhuatanga konganuku, ā, e rua, neke atu rānei ngā huānga matū kei roto, ā, ko tētahi o aua huānga he konganuku.
Ko te wāhanga miro o te rauemi e hanga ana i te taha o te mea mahi i te wā e miihini ana. He koi tonu. Ka taea te tango mā te whakamahi i ngā kōnae ā-ringa, ngā wira huri, ngā whitiki rānei, ngā wira waea, ngā paraihe muka whakakoi, ngā taputapu pupuhi wai, ētahi atu tikanga rānei.
Ko te kaha o tētahi koranu, rauemi rānei ki te ātete i te waikura me te pirau. Koinei ngā āhuatanga o te nikara me te konukōmiuma i hangaia i roto i ngā koranu pērā i te maitai kore waikura.
He āhuatanga e hua ake ai te whati i raro i te ahotea auau, i te ahotea hurihuri rānei, me te uara mōrahi iti iho i te kaha kume o te rauemi. Ka ahu whakamua te whati ngenge, ka tīmata me ngā kapiti iti e tipu ana i raro i te ahotea hurihuri.
Ko te ahotea mōrahi ka taea te pupuri me te kore he rahunga mō tētahi maha o ngā huringa kua tohua, ki te kore e kīia tētahi atu, ka hurihia katoatia te ahotea i roto i ia huringa.
Tetahi tukanga hanga e mahihia ana, e mīhinihia ana rānei te konganuku hei hoatu i tētahi āhua hou ki tētahi mea mahi. I te nuinga o te wā, kei roto i te kupu ngā tukanga pēnei i te hoahoa me te tahora, te maimoatanga wera, te whakahaere rauemi me te tirotiro.
He kaha teitei tō te kowiri tira, he ātete ki te wera, he pai te mahi miihini me te ātete ki te waikura. E whā ngā kāwai whānui kua whakawhanakehia hei kapi i te whānuitanga o ngā āhuatanga miihini me te ā-tinana mō ngā tono motuhake. Ko ngā momo e whā ko: te momo CrNiMn 200 me te momo CrNi 300 austenitic; te momo chromium martensitic, he raupapa 400 ka taea te whakapakeke; te chromium, he momo ferritic kāore e taea te whakapakeke 400 raupapa; ngā koranu chromium-nickel ka taea te whakapakeke-tau me ngā huānga tāpiri mō te maimoatanga otinga me te whakapakeke tawhito.
I roto i te whakamātautau kume, ko te ōwehenga o te kawenga mōrahi ki te horahanga whakawhiti taketake. Ka kiia hoki ko te kaha mutunga. Whakatairitea ki te kaha tuku.